Semen Analysis Explained: Understanding the Main Results and Parameters
Decoding WHO 6th edition laboratory benchmarks: volume, sperm count, progressive motility, and strict morphology.
Reviewed by Dr. Dileep Kumar H R, MBBS, DGO, DRM
October 2026 · Evidence-Based Healthcare
A semen analysis report can look overwhelming with medical terminology and percentages. Understanding the key parameters helps couples read their results with clarity.
1. Volume: Normal ejaculate volume is 1.4 mL or greater.
2. Sperm Concentration & Total Count: The WHO lower reference limit is 15 million sperm per millilitre, or at least 39 million sperm in the total ejaculate.
3. Motility: Evaluates how well sperm swim. Progressive motility (moving actively forward) should be 30% or higher, or total motility (including non-progressive) at 42% or higher.
4. Morphology: Evaluates sperm head, neck, and tail structure. Under strict Kruger criteria, 4% or more normal forms is considered adequate.
Because semen parameters fluctuate naturally due to illness, fever, or stress, an abnormal result is always verified with a second test 2 to 4 weeks later before confirming a diagnosis.
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Frequently Asked Questions
Teratozoospermia means fewer than 4% of sperm display normal shape under strict criteria. When severe, ICSI is often recommended to directly select the most normal-looking sperm for fertilization.